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《中国司法鉴定》2017年第6期

日期:2018-12-17 来源: 作者:admin

坚持以审判为中心 进一步健全鉴定人出庭作证制度的探索与思考

  霍宪丹

  (西南财经大学,四川 成都 610074)

  摘 要: 充分发挥司法鉴定制度功能作用的前提在于持续提升和保障鉴定质量,也就是要保障鉴定人在法庭上出具的鉴定意见既可靠又可信,缺一不可。从鉴定主体、管理主体和使用主体的不同视角分析如何保障鉴定质量的同时,阐述了在推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革中如何进一步健全鉴定人出庭作证制度,认为以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革不仅涉及重塑诉讼构造、完善诉讼程序、健全证据规则、推进庭审实质化等多方面,而且对司法鉴定工作和鉴定人出庭作证也提出了新任务、新要求。在诉讼活动中,法庭对鉴定意见有最终的判断权和决定权,因此,强化法庭质证,增强证据的对抗性、竞争性和公平性,有助于揭示鉴定意见的科学性、鉴定程序的合法性和鉴定方法的可靠性,有利于有效解决鉴定争议,充分发挥司法鉴定制度的功能作用,促进法庭切实履行好审判职能,保证及时裁判、公正司法。

  关键词: 以审判为中心;鉴定人出庭作证制度;鉴定意见;强化质证

  中图分类号: DF8  文献标志码: A  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.001

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0001-09

  Thoughts on Further Improvement of the System of Appraisers Appearing

  in Court Based on Adherence of Trial as Center

  HUO Xian-dan

  (Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdou 610074, China)

  Abstract: The precondition of giving full play to the function of the judicial appraisal system is to continuously improve and guarantee the appraisal quality, that is to say, appraisal opinions by forensic appraisers in court should both be reliable and credible. While analyzing the way to ensure the quality of appraisal from different perspectives of appraisers, management and users, this article elaborates how to further improve the system of appraisers appearing in court to promote the trial-centered litigation system reform, and considers that the trial-centered reform of litigation system not only involves reshaping litigation structure, improving litigation procedure, perfecting evidence rules and promoting substantive trial, but also puts forward new tasks and requirements on forensic examination work and appraisers’ testimony in court. In litigation activities, courts have the final judgment and determination on appraisal opinions. Therefore, to strengthen cross examination and enhance confrontation, competitiveness and fairness of evidence can help to reveal the scientific nature of appraisal opinions, the lawfulness of appraisal procedure, and the reliability of appraisal methods, which is conducive to effectively resolving appraisal disputes, giving full play to the functional role of the judicial appraisal system, and promoting the effective fulfillment of judicial functions by courts and guaranteeing timely adjudication and fair judiciary.

  Keywords: trial as center; appraiser appearing in court; appraisal opinion; strengthening cross examination


  大数据背景下电子数据的审查与认定

  王玉薇

  (华东政法大学,上海 201620)

  摘 要: 随着大数据时代的到来,“数字化生存”的崭新挑战倒逼我们正面直视传统证据规则的网络“移植”风险。由此产生于“比特世界”的新型电子数据如何进行有效性的审查与认定成为网络证据理论及实务界面临的新任务。新型电子数据在真实性、合法性和关联性等网络证据规则的生成规律上异于传统证据并具有虚拟性、即时性、转化性等独立属性,由此使电子数据认定中“移植化”模式遭致合法化危机。为此,需要完善网络取证标准与原则,破解真实性认定的合理性困境;完善网络取证规则,破解客观性认定的合法性困境;完善非法网络证据的排除规则,破解关联性认定的有效性困境难题,以利于科学的网络电子数据认定体系的建构。

  关键词: 大数据;电子数据;非法证据排除;电子数据审查;电子数据认证

  中图分类号: D915.13  文献标志码: A  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.002

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0010-08

  The Examination and Identification of Electronic Data in the Background of Big Data

  WANG Yu-wei

  (East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 201620, China)

  Abstract: With the development of the big data age, the new challenge of “digital survival” forces us to look directly at the risk of “transplant” traditional evidence rules to the network. The way to carry out the review and identification of the validity of new electronic data which is generated in the “bit of the world” becomes a new task of people working on network evidence theory and practice. The new electronic data are different from the traditional evidence for their generation rules in authenticity, legitimacy, relevance and so on, and as a feature electronic data are virtual,prompt and transitional. It makes a legitimacy crisis of electronic data in the “transplant” model. In order to facilitate the construction of scientific identification system of network electronic data, we should improve standards and principles of obtaining network evidence to resolve the difficulties of confirmation of genuineness of network evidence. We should improve the rules of obtaining network evidence to resolve the problem of verification of network evidence. We should also improve the rules of excluding illegal network evidence to resolve the difficulties of determination of relevance of electronic evidence.

  Keywords: big data; electronic data; exclusion of illegal evidence; examination; verification


  1936年以前林几论文著作的综览

  黄瑞亭

  (福建省高级人民法院,福建 福州 350003)

  摘 要: 1935年11月至1936年1月下旬,林几曾访问日本3个月。台湾学者陈重方先生在日本“国立公文书馆”数据库收集到相关资料,通过邮箱发送给作者。林几早逝,其档案资料,特别是1936年以前的论文、著作,几经周折已难以寻找。这次陈重方先生寻找到的林几教授八十年前日本学术考察,有其亲笔填写的“著作论题”,解决了这一历史问题。这一发现,对完善林几教授最早论文、最早兴趣的学科、留德期间论文、留学回国后论文以及林几学术教育思想等,都有法医学史的研究价值。

  关键词: 林几;早期论文;法医学史

  中图分类号: D235  文献标志码: B  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.004

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0021-04


  论林几法医学教育思想的形成和价值

  田振洪

  (福建师范大学 法学院,福建 福州 350117)

  摘 要: 林几的法医学教育思想包括法医学专业教育思想和基础教育思想两个体系,这一思想有一个萌芽、初步形成和最终确立的过程。20世纪20年代中期,林几发表《司法改良与法医学之关系》,对在中国开展法医学教育的重要性、教育对象、教育方法等方面有了初步的认识,表明为这一思想的萌芽;从留德回国到担任法医研究所所长期间,林几阐述了对法医学专业教育的教育目标、教育组织、教育内容等问题,表明法医学教育思想的初步形成;在法医所长去职后的法医生涯中,林几比较全面地论述了法医学基础教育的课时安排、教材大纲、教学内容等方面,最终确立了他的法医学教育思想。林几的法医学教育思想不仅具有重要的法医实践价值,而且是宝贵的现代法医思想财富。

  关键词: 林几;法医学教育思想;法医专业教育;法医基础教育

  中图分类号: D235  文献标志码: B  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.005

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0025-08


  科研道德的几点认识——以现代法医学奠基人林几教授为例

  马 栋

  (司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市法医学重点实验室 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台,上海 200063)

  摘 要: 我国现代法医学奠基人林几教授一生为中国现代法医学发展贡献了毕生的精力与心血,他重视教育、重视人才培养、重视理论与实践相结合,在实际检案中特别强调以实验的观点对待法医学的理论与实践,以实验的视角对待前人和现存法医成果,以实验的态度纠正古代法医学检验错误。他严谨求实的治学态度、公正平允的学术思想和淡泊名利的做人品质,不但在学术上留下了宝贵的财富,更在学术道德方面竖起了一座丰碑。

  关键词: 法医学;林几;科研道德

  中图分类号: D235  文献标志码: B  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.006

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0033-03


  乙醇生物标志物的研究及应用进展

  冯雪伊1,2,沈 敏1

  (1.司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市法医学重点实验室 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台,上海 200063;

  2.上海市公安局 静安分局 刑侦支队刑事科学技术研究所,上海 200070)

  摘 要: 酒精滥用已成为重大的公共卫生问题,是世界卫生组织公布的第三大致死致残元凶,因而在所涉交通事故、酗酒肇事、职业卫生、毒品滥用、毒物中毒等案(事)件中,体内乙醇检测及评价已成为法医毒物鉴定的重要任务。与乙醇相比,其体内生物标志物的检测表现出更多的优势,具有灵敏度高、特异性强、检测时限宽、鉴别能力强、应用领域广等特征。综述了乙醇的直接生物标志物乙基葡萄糖醛酸苷、硫酸乙酯和脂肪酸乙酯的研究及应用情况,以期推动法医毒物鉴定的进步,为诉讼及社会证明活动提供更加科学、可靠、有效的证据信息。

  关键词: 乙醇生物标志物;酒精滥用;乙基葡萄糖醛酸苷;硫酸乙酯;脂肪酸乙酯

  中图分类号: DF795.4  文献标志码: A  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.007

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0036-14

  Review on the Analysis and Application of Alcohol Biomarkers

  FENG Xue-yi1,2, SHEN Min1

  (1.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Platform, Academy of Forensic Science,

  Shanghai 200063, China; 2. Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Jing'an Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200070, China)

  Abstract: Alcohol abuse, a public health problem of great importance, is the third leading cause of death and disability in the word according to the World Health Organization. Determination and evaluation of ethanol in vivo has been the main task of forensic toxicological analysis in the cases of traffic accident, alcohol or drug abuse, occupational health and poison intoxication. The biomarkers of ethanol present more advantages over ethanol itself in terms of sensitivity, specificity, detection window, identification ability and application areas. This review summarized the analytical procedures and applications of direct alcohol biomarkers of ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and fatty acid ethyl esters, in an attempt to promote the progress of forensic toxicological analysis and provide lawsuit and social identification activity with more scientific, reliable and efficient information.

  Keywords: alcohol biomarker; alcohol abuse; ethyl glucuronide; ethyl sulfate; fatty acid ethyl esters


  敞开式离子化质谱在法庭科学中的应用

  王 霄1,刘 艳1,曹艳萍1,2, 郝红霞3,4

  (1.西北政法大学 公安学院,陕西 西安710122; 2.西北政法大学司法鉴定中心,陕西 西安710063;

  3. 2011计划司法文明协同创新中心,北京 100088; 4.中国政法大学 证据科学教育部重点实验室,北京 100088)

  摘 要:敞开式离子化质谱是一种能在敞开的大气压环境中直接对样品或样品表面物质进行分析的新型质谱技术,具有实时、快速、灵敏、高通量及无需样品预处理等特点,在物证分析中应用广泛。基于此,简介了敞开式离子化质谱技术的原理及分类,综述了敞开式离子化质谱在法庭科学领域的应用,包括指纹、文书字迹、违禁药物及毒品、爆炸及射击残留物的分析检测,分析了该技术在法庭科学物证分析领域应用的优势、存在的问题及其发展趋势。

  关键词: 敞开式离子化质谱;物证分析;司法鉴定

  中图分类号: DF794.3  文献标志码: A  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2017.06.008

  文章编号: 1671-2072-(2017)06-0050-06

  The Applications of Ambient Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science

  WANG Xiao1, LIU Yan1, CAO Yan-ping1,2, HAO Hong-xi3,4

  (1. School of Public Security, Northwest University of Political Science and Law, Xi'an 710122, China;

  2. Judicial Expertise Center, Northwest University of Political Science and Law, Xi'an 710063, China;

  3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Beijing 100088, China; 4.Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, Ministry of Education, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China)

  Abstract: Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) is a rapidly growing technique, which analyzes samples in atmospheric environment and requires minimal sample preparation. It can perform non-destructive, in-situ and real-time measurement under natural conditions. The detection methodologies based on AMS can play an important role in forensic analysis, considering their advantages of sensitivity, selectivity, quick testing, affordability and capability of miniaturization and automation. It is applicable in the determination of a wide variety of substances including proteins, DNAs, microorganisms, abused drugs, etc.. This article reviewed the most widespread AMS methodologies and their applications in forensic science, including latent fingerprints, questioned documents, illicit drugs and narcotics, and explosive and gunshot residues. The advantages and existing problems of AMS were also pointed out.

  Keywords: ambient mass spectrometry; evidence analysis; forensic science


  鼻区骨折MSCT图像后处理显示与诊断探讨

  汪茂文,檀思蕾,刘 霞,万 雷

  (司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市法医学重点实验室 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台,上海 200063)

  摘 要: 目的 探讨MSCT(Multi-slice spiral CT),图像后处理技术在鼻区骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法 对120例疑有鼻区骨折的伤者行MSCT容积扫描,并采用骨算法及软组织算法薄层重建,在工作站上行多平面重组(MPR)、容积再现(VR)及最大密度投影(MIP)等后处理,观察有无骨折并判定其骨折类型。结果 120例患者中,MPR、VR及MIP诊断为不伴移位的线性骨折49例、24例、30例,诊断符合率分别为61.2 %、80.0 %、100 %;MPR、VR及MIP诊断为伴移位的线性骨折30例、19例、22例,诊断符合率分别为73.3 %、86.4 %、100 %;MPR、VR及MIP诊断为粉