论民事诉讼中司法鉴定公信力的提升与完善

 

洪冬英1，孙茹兴2

（1.华东政法大学 法律学院 上海 200042； 2.司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台，上海200063）

 

摘　要： 司法鉴定作为我国的一项诉讼证明活动，具有科学性、法律性、中立性和客观性的基本属性，鉴定意见在民事诉讼活动中的证据作用愈发显现。随着我国司法鉴定行业的迅速发展，目前我国司法实践中存在的诸如缺乏对司法鉴定意见的质证手段、重复鉴定导致法院采信难、司法鉴定机构及从业人员良莠不齐等问题，使得鉴定意见的科学性和法律性受到一定程度的影响，进而损害了司法鉴定的公信力。提升司法鉴定的公信力，关键在于加强民事诉讼活动中鉴定意见的证明力，以此提高鉴定意见的质量，有必要从司法行政部门和人民法院的角度出发，确立若干制度和规范以提升与完善我国司法鉴定的公信力。

关键词： 司法鉴定；鉴定意见；民事诉讼；公信力

中图分类号: DF72；DF8　　文献标志码: A　　doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2018.02.００１

文章编号： 1671-2072-（2018）02-0001-08

 

The Improvement and Perfection of Credibility of Judicial Appraisal in Civil Litigation

HONG Dong-ying1， SUN Ru-xing2

（1.Law School， East China University of Political Science and Law， Shanghai 200042， China; 2. Shanghai Forensic Senice Platform, Academy of Forensic Science， Shanghai 200063， China）

Abstract: Forensic appraisal， as an activity of proving in litigation， has the basic attributes of scientificity， legality， neutrality and objectivity. The evidence effect of forensic opinions in civil litigation has become increasingly evident. With the rapid development of China's forensic appraisal industry， there are some problems in the judicial practice， such as the lack of means of cross-examination regarding forensic appraisal opinions， the difficulty in acceptance of the opinions due to repeated appraisals， the unbalanced level of quality for judicial appraisers and institutions， which adversely influence the scientificity and legality of forensic opinions to a certain extent， thereby undermining the credibility of forensic appraisal. The key to enhancing the credibility of forensic appraisal is to enhance the quality of forensic opinions by strengthening the force of proof of forensic opinions in civil litigation. It is necessary to establish a number of institutional norms to improve and perfect the credibility of China's forensic appraisal from the perspective of judicial administrative departments and courts.

Keywords: forensic appraisal; forensic opinion; civil litigation; credibility

 

 

 

 

 

 

环境损害司法鉴定：制度框架、现实困境与破解思路

 

王 江

（重庆大学西部环境资源法制建设研究中心，重庆 400044）

 

摘　要： 在环境司法中法律责任的性质判定和责任大小确认均有赖于环境损害司法鉴定，而科学、公正的环境损害司法鉴定需要规范的机制设计予以保障。通过对环境损害鉴定评估机构、环保法庭和环境监管机构的调研，经深入分析、研判得出，环境损害司法鉴定机制应由技术性机制、程序性机制、监管机制和保障机制构成，包括以技术规范、程序规则、资质管理和法律责任等为核心的制度设计。当前，我国的环境损害司法鉴定机制存在司法鉴定机构不足、准入标准不明、人员匮乏、技术支撑不够、监管无力、法制粗疏等困境，亟需通过制度建设予以破解，以服务于环境管理和环境司法。

关键词： 环境损害；环境司法；司法鉴定

中图分类号： D912.6；DF8　　文献标志码: A　　doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2018.02.００２

文章编号： 1671-2072-（2018）02-0009-05

 

Forensic Expertise of Enviromental Damage:

System Framework, Realistic Dilemma and Solution

WANG Jiang

(Research Center for Legal Construction of Environmental Resources in Western China, Chongqing University,

Chongqing, 400044 China)

Abstract: Judging the nature and the responsibility of environmental damage depends on forensic expertise calls for normative mechanism. By investigating some environmental damage appraisal agencies, some environment courts and environment administrations, we find that the environmental damage identification and evaluation mechanism consists of technical, procedural, regulatory and safeguards mechanisms. It includes the technical specifications, procedural rules, qualification management and legal responsibility. Now, in China, there are many dilemmas with the identification and assessment of environmental damage mechanism. These dilemmas include lacking of assessment agencies, the access standards are unknown, lacking of staff, technical support is not enough, powerless supervision and the legal system is not rigorous. In order to meet the needs of environmental management and environmental forensics, all of these dilemmas need to be resolved by creating legal system as soon as possible.

Keywords: environmental damage; forensics expertise; system framework; environmental forensics

 

 

 

 

阈值及其在法医毒物学领域的应用探讨

 

向 平，卓先义，吴何坚，沈 敏

（司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市法医学重点实验室 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台，上海 200063）

 

摘　要： 阈值作为被测量物存在或不存在的界限量值，在法医毒物学领域有着重要的应用价值。国家标准《车辆驾驶人员血液、呼气酒精含量阈值与检验》和公共安全行业标准《车辆驾驶人员体内毒品含量阈值与检验》的颁布实施，在法规层面确立了阈值在法医毒物学领域的地位和作用，通过阈值规范酒驾、毒驾的司法鉴定活动，为行政执法提供技术保障。综述了法医毒物学领域涉及阈值的形式、设定、作用以及应用，并就如何使用阈值规范实验室检测进行讨论。

关键词： 法医毒物学；阈值；阀值形式与设立；阈值作用；阀值应用

中图分类号: DF795.1　　文献标志码: A　　doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2018.02.００３

文章编号： 1671-2072-（2018）02-0014-08

 

Discussion on Cut-off Value and Its Application in Forensic Toxicology

XAING Ping， ZHUO Xian-yi， WU He-jian， SHEN Min

（Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine， Shanghai Forensic Science Platform，

Academy of Forensic Science， Shanghai 200063， China）

Abstract: Cut-off is the threshold value which defines a test result for a target compound as either positive or negative. Cut-off has important application in forensic toxicology. With the standards of“Blood-breath alcohol concentration and examination for driving” and “Drug concentration and examination for vehicle drivers” being promulgated and implemented， the role of cut-off in forensic toxicology is established by law. Using cut-off values， forensic service applied in drunk and drug driving can be standardized to ensure the law enforcement. In this review， emphasis is put on the classes， definition，effect， and applications of cut-off values. And the utilization of cut-off in laboratory to standardize testing is also discussed.

Keywords: forensic toxicology; cut-off; class and definition; effect; application

 

 

 

 

“纸龄”鉴别中常见禾草类纤维

和韧皮类纤维的历史性研究

 

张建洲1，梁鲁宁2

（1.北京市公安局，北京